Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of what?

Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania (or hypomania). The correct answer highlights the contrast between hopelessness, which aligns with the depressive episodes, and overexcitement, which reflects the manic episodes. During depressive phases, individuals may experience intense feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or a lack of interest in activities. Conversely, during manic phases, they may exhibit heightened energy, euphoria, and an inflated sense of self-importance. This cyclical pattern of mood changes is central to the diagnosis and understanding of bipolar disorder.

While other options suggest various emotional states, they do not fully capture the essential contrasting phases associated with bipolar disorder. Excitement and calmness, satisfaction, isolation, and sociability do not accurately reflect the severe mood swings experienced by those with the condition. The specific pairing of hopelessness and overexcitement provides a clearer and more accurate depiction of the experiences faced by individuals with bipolar disorder.